Pemberian Biochar Arang Kayu dan Tandan Kosong Sawit terhadap Gas N2O pada Tanah Gambut yang Ditumbuhi Kelapa Sawit
Abstract
Peatlands are developed for agricultural cultivation, such as oil palm. The agricultural sector contributes 13.5% of the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Emissions from this sector are generally in the form of N2O 46%, CH4 45%, and CO2 9%. Recently, the focus on the development of peatlands for this activity has been so great, especially in relation to emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O). The potential for peatland to be used as agricultural land must pay attention to environmental aspects such as the level of N2O emissions. This study aims to determine the effect of wood activated to empty palm oil fruit bunches on N2O emissions from peatlands oil palm. This study used an allocation block design. The factors studied were the distribution of wood charcoal and empty palm oil bunches at 6 levels, namely: wood charcoal + 0 kg of empty palm fruit bunches; wood charcoal 0.75 kg + 0.75 kg of empty palm fruit bunches, and 0.375 empty palm fruit bunches+0.375 kg of wood charcoal; empty palm fruit bunch charcoal 1.5 kg+wood charcoal 1.5 kg. N2O gas was analyzed using the closed chamber method and the soil was analyzed for soil pH and field water capacity. The treatment was repeated 3 times, resulting in 18 experimental units. The results showed that on day 0, the application of wood charcoal and empty palm oil bunches did not affect N2O emissions, but on the 15 and 45 days. The results showed that the treatment affected N2O emissions.
References
Baumert, K.A., Herzog, T., Pershing, J. 2005. Navigating the Numbers: Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy. World Resources Institute, United States.
Bell, M.J., Cloy, J.M., Rees, R.M. 2014. The true extent of agriculture's contribution to national greenhouse gas emissions. Environmental Science & Policy 39, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.02.001
Bourdon, K., Fortin, J., Dessureault-Rompre, J., Caron, J. 2021. Agricultural peatlands conservation: How does the addition of plant biomass and copper affect soil fertility? Soil Science Society of American Journal 85(4), 1242-1255. https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20271
Chaddy, A., Melling, L., Ishikura, K., Hatano, R. 2019. Soil N2O emissions under different N rates in an oil palm plantation on tropical peatland. Agriculture 9(10), 213. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9100213
Chen, H.,Mothapo, N.V., Shi, W. 2014. The significant contribution of fungi to soil N2O production across diverse ecosystems. Applied Soil Ecology 73, 70-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.08.011
Cifuente-Espinosa, J.A., Feintrenie, L., Monzon-Alvarado, C., Schmook, B., Mesa-Jurado, M.A. 2023. Oil palm growers' prospects for sustainable oil palm production. A case study from Campeche, Mexico. Agricultural Systems 212, 103780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103780
Deveautour, C., Rojas-Pinzon, P.A., Veloso, M., Rambaud, J., Duff, A.M., Wall, D., Carolan, R., Philippot, L., Richards, K.G., O’Flaherty, V., Brennan, F. 2022. Biotic and abiotic predictors of potential N2O emissions from denitrification in Irish grasslands soils: A national-scale field study. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 168, 108637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108637
Falatehan, A.F., Sari, D.A.P. 2020. Characteristics of peat biomass as an alternative energy and its impact on the environment. Solid State Technology 63(5), 4700-4712.
Hadi, A., Fatah, L., Affandi, D.N. 2010. Reducing Greenhouse Gas. Report to Ministry of National Education. Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta
Hariyanti, F., Syahza, A., Zulkarnain., Nofrizal. 2024. Economic transformation based on leading commodities through sustainable development of the oil palm industry. Heliyon 10(4), e25674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25674
Hikmatullah., Sukarman. 2014. physical and chemical properties of cultivated peat soils in four trial sites of ICCTF in Kalimantan and Sumatra, Indonesia. J. Trop Soils 19(3), 131-141. https://doi.org/10.5400/jts.2014.19.3.131
Ikkala, L., Ronkanen, A-K., Utriainen, O., Klove, B., Marttila, H. 2021. Peatland subsidence enhances cultivated lowland flood risk. Soil and Tillage Research 212, 105078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2021.105078
Jagadeesh, N., Sundaram, B. 2023. Adsorption of pollutants from wastewater by biochar: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances 9, 100226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100226
Junior, A.F.D., Pirola, L.P., Takeshita, S., Lana, A.Q., Brito, J.O., de Andrade, A.M. 2016. Higroscopicity of charcoal produced in different temperatures. Cenre 22(4), 423-430. https://doi.org/10.1590/01047760201622032175
Le, T.T.H., Fettig, J., Meon, G. 2019. Kinetics and simulation of nitrification at various pH values of a polluted river in the tropics. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology 19(1), 54-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2018.06.006
Meng, Y., Wang, J.J., Wei, Z., Dodla, S.K., Fultz, L.M., Gaston, L.A., Xiao, R., Park, J-H., Scaglia, G. 2021. Nitrification inhibitors reduce nitrogen losses and improve soil health in a subtropical pastureland. Geoderma 388, 114947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.114947
Mulyani, A., Agus, F. 2017. Kebutuhan dan ketersediaan lahan cadangan untuk mewujudkan cita-cita Indonesia sebagai lumbung pangan dunia tahun 2045. Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian 15(1), 1-17.
Nishina, K., Melling, L., Toyoda, S., Itoh, M., Terajima, K., Waili, J.W.B., Wong, G.X., Kiew, F., Aeries, E.B., Hirata, R., Takahashi, H., Onodera, T. 2023. Dissolved N2O concentrations in oil palm plantation drainage in a peat swamp of Malaysia. Science of The Total Environment 872, 162062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162062
Norton, J., Ouyang, Y. 2019. Controls and adaptive management of nitrification in agricultural soils. Front. Microbiol. 10, 1931. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01931
Nurkholifah, V. 2020. Produksi dan Karakterisasi Arang dari Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit dan Kayu Karet. Skripsi. Universitas Lampung, Bandar Lampung.
Rabot, E., Henault, C., Cousin, I. 2016. Effect of the soil water dynamics on nitrous oxide emissions. Geoderma 280, 38-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.06.012
Russell, R., Paterson, M., Lima, N. 2018. Climate change affecting oil palm agronomy, and oil palm cultivation increasing climate change, require amelioration. Ecology and Evolution 8(1), 452-461. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3610
Thakur, I.S., Medhi, K. 2019. Nitrification and denitrification processes for mitigation of nitrous oxide from waste water treatment plants for biovalorization: Challenges and opportunities. Bioresource Technology 282, 502-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.069
Vanags-Duka, M., Bardule, A., Butlers, A., Upenieks, E.M., Lazdins, A., Purvina, D., Licite, L. 2022. GHG emissions from drainage ditches in peat extraction sites and peatland forests in Hemiboreal Latvia. Land 11(12), 2233. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11122233
Wang, C., Amon, B., Schulz, K., Mehdi, B. 2021. Factors that influence nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils as well as their representation in simulation models: A review. Agronomy 11(4), 770. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040770
Yang, P., Yang, H., Lai, D.Y.F., Guo, Q., Zhang, Y., Tong, C., Xu, C., Li, X. 2020. Large contribution of non-aquaculture period fluxes to the annual N2O emissions from aquaculture ponds in Southeast China. Journal of Hydrology 582, 124550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124550
1.png)
